Before You Go
Get Your Car Serviced
No one wants their car to break down in any season, but especially not in cold or snowy
winter weather. Start the season off right by ensuring your vehicle is in optimal condition.
• Visit your mechanic for a tune-up and other routine maintenance.
• Have your vehicle checked thoroughly for leaks, badly worn hoses, or other
needed parts, repairs, and replacements.
Check for Recalls
Owners may not always know that their vehicle is under an open recall and needs to be
repaired. NHTSA’s Recalls Look-up Tool lets you enter a Vehicle Identification Number
(VIN) to quickly learn if your vehicle or one you are looking to purchase has a critical
safety issue that has not been repaired. Check for recalls on your vehicle by searching
now: nhtsa.gov/recalls. If your vehicle is under a recall, get it fixed at your nearest dealer
FOR FREE.
Know Your Car
Every vehicle handles differently; this is particularly true when driving on wet, icy, or
snowy roads. Take time now to learn how your vehicle handles under winter weather
driving conditions.
• Before driving your vehicle, clean snow, ice or dirt from the windows, the forward
sensors, headlights, tail lights, backup camera and other sensors around the vehicle.
• When your area gets snow, practice driving on snow-covered or icy roads—but
not on a main road. Sharpen your winter weather driving skills and know how
your vehicle handles in snowy conditions by practicing in an empty parking
lot. See your vehicle’s manual to familiarize yourself with the features on your
vehicle—such as antilock brakes and electronic stability control—and how the
features perform in slippery conditions. For example, your vehicle or pedals may
pulsate when controlling traction.
• For electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, minimize the drain on the battery. If the
vehicle has a thermal heating pack for the battery, plug your vehicle in whenever
it’s not in use. Pre-heat the passenger compartment before you unplug your
vehicle in the morning.
• When renting a car, become familiar with the vehicle before driving it off the lot.
Know the location of the hazard lights switch in case of emergency, and review
the owner’s manual so that you’re prepared for any driving situation that may arise.
Stock Your Vehicle
Carry items in your vehicle to handle common winter driving-related tasks, such as
cleaning off your windshield, as well as any supplies you might need in an emergency.
Keep the following in your vehicle:
• Snow shovel, broom, and ice scraper.
• Abrasive material such as sand or kitty litter, in case your vehicle gets stuck in the
snow.
• Jumper cables, flashlight, and warning devices such as flares and emergency
markers.
• Blankets for protection from the cold.
• A cell phone with charger, water, food, and any necessary medicine (for longer
trips or when driving in lightly populated areas).
Plan Your Travel and Route
Keep yourself and others safe by planning ahead before you venture out into bad weather.
• Check the weather, road conditions, and traffic.
• Don’t rush; allow plenty of time to get to your destination safely. Plan to leave early
if necessary.
• Familiarize yourself with directions and maps before you go, even if you use a GPS
system, and let others know your route and anticipated arrival time.
Go Over Your Vehicle Safety Checklist
Battery
When the temperature drops, so does battery power. For gasoline and diesel engines, it
takes more battery power to start your vehicle in cold weather. For electric and hybridelectric
vehicles, the driving range is reduced when the battery is cold, and battery
systems work better after they warm up. Make sure your battery is up to the challenges
of winter.
• Have your mechanic check your battery for sufficient voltage, amperage and
reserve capacity.
• Have the charging system and belts inspected.
• Replace the battery or make necessary system repairs, including simple things like
tightening the battery cable connections.
• Keep gasoline in a hybrid-electric vehicle, to support the gasoline engine.
Lights
See and be seen! Make sure all the lights on your vehicle are in working order. Check
your headlights, brake lights, turn signals, emergency flashers, and interior lights.
Towing a trailer? Be sure to also check your trailer brake lights and turn signals.
Trailer light connection failure is a common problem and a serious safety hazard.
Cooling System
• Make sure the cooling system is in proper working order.
• Make sure you have enough coolant in your vehicle and the coolant meets the
manufacturer’s specifications. See your vehicle owner’s manual for specific
recommendations on coolant.
• Thoroughly check the cooling system for leaks or have your mechanic do it
for you.
• Have the coolant tested for proper mix, proper pH (acidity) and strength of the
built-in corrosion inhibitors. Over time, the rust inhibitors in antifreeze break down
and become ineffective.
• Drain and replace the coolant in your vehicle as recommended by the
manufacturer, to remove dirt and rust particles that can clog the cooling system
and cause it to fail.
Windshield Washer Reservoir
You can go through a lot of windshield wiper fluid fairly quickly in a single
snowstorm, so be prepared for whatever might come your way.
• Completely fill your vehicle’s reservoir before the first snow hits.
• Use high-quality “winter” fluid with de-icer and keep extra in your vehicle.
Wipers and Defrosters
Safe winter driving depends on achieving and maintaining the best visibility possible.
• Make sure your windshield wipers work; replace worn blades.
• Consider installing heavy-duty winter wipers if you live in an area that gets a lot of
snow and ice.
• Check to see that your front and rear window defrosters work properly.
Floor Mats
Improperly installed floor mats in your vehicle may interfere with the operation of the
accelerator or brake pedal, increasing the risk of a crash.
• Remove old floor mats before installing new mats; never stack mats.
• Use mats that are the correct size and fit for your vehicle.
• Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for mat installation. Use available
retention clips to secure the mat and prevent it from sliding forward.
• Every time the mats are removed for any reason, verify that the driver’s mat is
reinstalled correctly.
Tires
• If you plan to use snow tires, have them installed in the fall so you are prepared
before it snows. Check out nhtsa.gov/tires for tire ratings before buying new ones
and look for winter tires with the snowflake symbol.
• Regardless of season, inspect your tires at least once a month and before long
road trips. It only takes about five minutes. If you find yourself driving under lessthan-optimal
road conditions this winter, you’ll be glad you took the time. Don’t
forget to check your spare tire.
• As the outside temperature drops, so does tire inflation pressure. Make sure each
tire is filled to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended inflation pressure, which
is listed in your owner’s manual and on a placard located on the driver’s side
door frame. The correct pressure is NOT the number listed on the tire. Be sure
to check tires when they are cold, which means the car hasn’t been driven for at
least 3 hours.
• Look closely at your tread and replace tires that have uneven wear or insufficient
tread. Tread should be at least 2/32 of an inch or greater on all tires.
• Check the age of each tire. Some vehicle manufacturers recommend that tires
be replaced every six years regardless of use, but check your owner’s manual to
find out.
• For more information on tire safety, visit NHTSA’s Tires page.
Safety First: Protect Yourself and Your Loved Ones
Always wear your seat belt every trip, every time—and ensure that everyone else in your
vehicle is buckled-up in age- and size-appropriate car seats, booster seats, or seat belts.
Protect Your Children
• Remember that all children under age 13 should always ride properly buckled in
the back seat.
• Make sure car seats and booster seats are properly installed and that any children
riding with you are in the right car seat, booster seat, or seat belt for their age and
size. See NHTSA’s child passenger safety recommendations to find out how to
select the right seat ffor your child’s age and size. To learn more and find a free car
seat inspection station near you, please visit the Child Car Seat Inspection Station
Locator.
• Though thick outerwear will keep your children warm, it can interfere with the
proper harness fit on your child in a car seat. Choose thin, warm layers for your
child instead, and place blankets or coats around your child after the harness is
snug and secure for extra warmth.
• Never leave your child unattended in or around your vehicle.
• Always remember to lock your vehicle and to keep your keys out of reach when
exiting so children do not play or get trapped inside.
ON THE ROAD
Stay Alert
• Keep your gas tank close to full, even with a hybrid-electric vehicle. If you get
stuck in a traffic jam or in snow, you might need more fuel than you anticipated to
get home or to keep warm.
• If road conditions are hazardous, avoid driving if possible. Wait until road and
weather conditions improve before venturing out in your vehicle.
• On longer trips, plan enough time to stop to stretch, get something to eat, return
calls or text messages, and change drivers or rest if you feel drowsy.
Avoid Risky Driving Behaviors
• Do not text or engage in any activities that may distract you while driving.
• Obey all posted speed limits, but drive even slower if necessary for weather
conditions.
• Drive sober. Alcohol and drugs impair perception, judgment, motor skills, and
memory – the skills critical for safe and responsible driving.
Driving in Winter Conditions
• Drive slowly. It’s harder to control or stop your vehicle on a slick or snow-covered
surface. On the road, increase your following distance enough so that you’ll have
plenty of time to stop for vehicles ahead of you.
• Know whether your vehicle has an antilock brake system and learn how to use
it properly. Antilock brake systems prevent your wheels from locking up during
braking. If you have antilock brakes, apply firm, continuous pressure to the brake
pedal. If you don’t have antilock brakes, you may need to pump your brakes if you
feel your wheels starting to lockup.
Navigating Around Snow Plows
• Don’t crowd a snow plow or travel beside it. Snow plows travel slowly, make wide
turns, stop often, overlap lanes, and exit the road frequently.
• The road behind an active snow plow is safer to drive on. If you find yourself
behind a snow plow, stay behind it or use caution when passing.
• When you are driving behind a snow plow, don’t follow or stop too closely. A snow
plow operator’s field-of-vision is limited; if you can’t see the mirrors, the driver
can’t see you. Also, materials used to de-ice the road could hit your vehicle.
• Snow plows can throw up a cloud of snow that can reduce your visibility to zero
in less time than you can react. Never drive into a snow cloud – it can conceal
vehicles or hazards.
In an Emergency
What to Do in a Winter Emergency
If you are stopped or stalled in wintry weather, follow these safety rules:
• Stay with your car and don’t overexert yourself.
• Put bright markers on the antenna or windows and keep the interior dome light
turned on.
• To avoid asphyxiation from carbon monoxide poisoning, don’t run your car for
long periods of time with the windows up or in an enclosed space. If you must run
your vehicle, clear the exhaust pipe of any snow and run it only sporadically — just
long enough to stay warm.
More information at https://www.nhtsa.gov/winter-driving-tips
